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He views the people working in the industry as truly happy because of their socio-economic status and asks himself why he cannot be the same. In the film, Gardner perceives this inequity when he first encounters the stockbroker arriving in an expensive vehicle. It is a subset of the psychological contract concept which oversees the relationship between an employee and employer. This theory is based on a balance of inputs (effort, number of hours worked) and outputs (salary, benefits). Theoretically, this means that an individual will experience motivation to adjust their approach and work harder until the goal is achieved. If an individual is under-rewarded, they will experience distress and attempt to establish fairness. The theory proposes that people seek relationships where net costs and benefits will be similar to those around them. In the context of business and organization, equity is a fairness concept that is based on costs and rewards. The Equity Theory developed by psychologist John Adams in 1963 is based on the concept of distributed justices. One of the critical components of human behavior is based on the motivation and reasons behind particular decisions and actions. This demonstrates a unique case of a top-down approach of the theory but ultimately results in the same stability in life for the protagonist. However, using the last available resources and motivation, Gardner, against insurmountable odds, is able to get the internship and eventually receive the position, which resolves the majority of his other issues on various stages of Maslow’s pyramid. The financial impact seemingly undermines the whole dream of self-actualization for him. Therefore, as a struggling salesman, Gardner is unable to fulfill the underlying physiological and safety needs for himself and his family.

However, the investment proves to be a failure which throws the family into poverty. He is aware of his talents and drives for entrepreneurship that lead him to invest in bone density scanners. Gardner’s story in the film is one of self-actualization. The purpose of self-actualization is to set goals and accept the potential challenges and obstacles in achieving them. Human behavior is inherently guided by needs, and at times can provide the drive to achieve them (Jonas, 2016). If needs are not met, it leads to a state of disequilibrium, which can only lead to stability if the goal is achieved. The final level is self-actualization which is the epitome of the human condition. The base level is physiological needs, which are followed by safety, love, esteem. In order to reach the next level, the previous one has to be fulfilled to an extent. The premise is that human needs are built upon in a pyramid-like structure.

Popularized in the mid-20th century, it became the primary model of individual development. One of the most applicable theories in this film is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. This helps him to succeed by opening doors to new opportunities. He is approachable and unafraid to state his opinion. He is often assertive in pursuing his goals, both in his personal life and in terms of career opportunities. The protagonist, Chris Gardner, can be considered an individual that is sociable and extroverted. These can then be used to find strong areas and skills for the individual. It is commonly used in business to assess personality types which are a determinant of behavior as well as mental and emotional characteristics.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is an introspective psychological test that seeks to determine how an individual perceives their environment and their preferences.